Glacial-Interglacial and Millennial-Scale Changes in Nitrous Oxide Emissions Pathways and Source Regions

During the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Holocene, the atmospheric N₂O mole fraction increased by 80 nmol mol⁻¹. Using ice core measurements of N₂O isotopomer ratios, we show that this increase was driven by increases in both nitrification and denitrification, with the relative partitioning between both production pathways depending on the assumed isotopic end-member source signatures. Similarly, we also attribute a 35 nmol mol⁻¹ N₂O mole fraction increase during the Heinrich Stadial 4/Dansgaard Oeschger 8 (HS4/DO8) millennial-scale event to increases in both N₂O production pathways. In contrast, the 25 nmol mol⁻¹ N₂O mole fraction decrease during the Younger Dryas was driven almost exclusively by a decrease in nitrification. The deglacial and HS4/DO8 increases in N₂O production occurred in both marine and terrestrial environments, with the terrestrial source responding faster to warming by about two centuries. Constraints on changes in nitrification and denitrification emissions are robust and consistent with previous studies showing the sensitivity of N₂O emissions to abrupt Northern Hemisphere warming. This study demonstrates for the first time the importance of both denitrification and nitrification pathways in driving source changes. Absolute emissions are more uncertain due to uncertainty about source isotopomer signatures. For instance, the contribution of denitrification to emissions at the LGM shifts from (65 ± 10) % to (91 ± 6) % when factoring in isotope enrichment due to partial reduction of N₂O to N₂ during denitrification. Reducing uncertainty in source signatures will increase the power of ice core N₂O isotope records in deducing environmental change.