Green Hydrogen Role in Sustainable Energy Transformations: A Review

Green hydrogen, derived from renewable energy sources, is emerging as a key player in the global transition to sustainable energy. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in green hydrogen production technologies, including electrolysis (proton exchange membrane, alkaline, and solid-oxide), biological methods, and thermochemical processes. Despite its potential, the green hydrogen sector faces challenges such as high production costs, energy-intensive processes, and infrastructure limitations for storage and transportation. However, global investments and policy initiatives are driving cost reductions, with projections indicating a decline in production costs to below $2/kg by 2030. Countries such as Germany, Japan, and Australia are leading large-scale hydrogen initiatives, with targets to expand electrolyzer capacity and integrate green hydrogen into industrial, transportation, and power generation sectors. Additionally, advancements in electrolyzer efficiency, material innovations, and renewable energy integration are expected to enhance hydrogen’s commercial viability. This review highlights key strategies, policy frameworks, and technological improvements needed to accelerate green hydrogen adoption, positioning it as a crucial component in achieving carbon neutrality and enhancing energy security.