Regulatory mechanisms of two-component systems in Vibrio cholerae: Enhancing pathogenicity and environmental adaptation

Cholera, which is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, is a highly dangerous disease characterized by severe symptoms such as watery diarrhea, dehydration, and even death. V. cholerae can both colonize the host intestine and survive in environmental reservoirs. Two-component systems (TCSs) are essential regulatory mechanisms that allow bacteria to adapt to changing environments. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of TCS-mediated gene expression in V. cholerae. We first summarize the composition and classification of TCSs in V. cholerae N16961. We then discuss the roles of TCSs in facilitating adaptation to diverse environmental stimuli and increasing pathogenicity. Furthermore, we analyze the distribution of TCSs in pandemic and nonpandemic-V. cholerae strains, demonstrating their indispensable role in promoting virulence and facilitating the widespread dissemination of pandemic strains. Elucidation of these mechanisms is crucial for devising new strategies to combat cholera and prevent future outbreaks, ultimately contributing to improved public health outcomes.