Nanoconfined constructs for electrochemical aptamer-based in vivo biosensing

In the last two decades, electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors have grown rapidly due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent biocompatibility, and flexible architectures among the wide range of biosensing platforms. Yet, achieving continuous, long-term, and in vivo monitoring remains challenging due to obstacles like device miniaturization, signal amplification, and sensor stability. To tackle these hurdles, researchers are leveraging nanostructured electrodes, leading to new EAB designs with improved in vivo biosensing performance. This opinion provides a brief overview of the development and latest progress in nanoconfined constructs for EAB in vivo biosensing. We illustrate fundamental sensing principles, the various nanostructures being explored, and their respective advantages. These nanostructured EABs hold promise for applications spanning disease diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and food safety management. Finally, we address the persistent challenges EABs face and discuss potential future directions, offering insights into how these sensors can continue to evolve and foster more effective healthcare technologies.