Global warming potential of batteries for vehicle applications, from production to recycling

This study provides a structured review and synthesis of existing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies on six battery chemistries—PbA, NMC, LFP, NCA, LTO, and LMO—commonly used in transportation applications. Rather than conducting a new LCA, this work compiles and analyzes data from multiple sources to establish a comparative framework for assessing the global warming potential (GWP) of these technologies.

The analysis focuses on emissions generated across key life cycle stages, including material extraction, battery production, transportation, recycling, and end-of-life, while integrating uncertainty through a data quality indicator. Results indicate that the average GWP for lithium-based batteries is 110.3 kgCO₂eq/kWh, with recycling processes reducing emissions by approximately 39.7 %. Lead-acid batteries exhibit a lower GWP (67.7 kgCO₂eq/kWh) but are technically outperformed by lithium-based chemistries in energy density and cycle life.

The findings highlight the need for a holistic approach in battery selection, emphasizing the importance of integrating technical performance indicators such as energy density, charge/discharge cycles, and recyclability when assessing environmental impact. This study supports the development of eco-efficient energy storage solutions and informed decision-making for sustainable transportation applications.