Cytoplasmic Inheritance: The Transmission of Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes Across Cells and Generations.

In photosynthetic organisms, genetic material is stored in the nucleus and the two cytoplasmic organelles: plastids and mitochondria. While both the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes are essential for survival, the inheritance of these genomes is subject to distinct laws. Cytoplasmic inheritance differs fundamentally from nuclear inheritance through two unique processes: vegetative segregation and uniparental inheritance. To illustrate the significance of these processes in shaping cytoplasmic inheritance, I will trace the journey of plastid and mitochondrial genomes, following their transmission from parents to progeny. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating their transmission along the path are explored. By providing a framework that encompasses the inheritance of both plastid and mitochondrial genomes across cells and generations, I aim to present a comprehensive overview of cytoplasmic inheritance and highlight the intricate interplay of cellular processes that determine inheritance patterns. I will conclude this review by summarizing recent breakthroughs in the field that have significantly advanced our understanding of cytoplasmic inheritance. This knowledge has paved the way for achieving the first instance of controlled cytoplasmic inheritance in plants, unlocking the potential to harness cytoplasmic genetics for crop improvement.