Surface modification strategies for enhanced performance and stability of perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaics, exhibiting remarkable advancements in their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Surface modification has become a critical focus for the further optimization of device efficiency and stability. This article comprehensively reviews recent advances in surface engineering strategies targeting hole-transport layers (HTLs), electron-transport layers (ETLs), and perovskite-absorption layers in PSCs. By providing a detailed study of various surface modification techniques and materials, this review highlights their roles in improving carrier dynamics, enhancing stability, reducing recombination, and increasing the overall device performance. Importantly, this review links the gap between current research and practical applications, and presents valuable insights for researchers and industry professionals. This study aims to encourage further investigation and innovation in this rapidly growing field, accelerating the development of high-performance commercially viable PSCs.