Evaluating energy-exergy-economics-environmental footprint-enviroeconomics (5e) framework and sustainability metrics with a case study of a twin wedge solar still based desalination system

This study evaluates a Twin Wedge Solar Still (TWSS) against a Conventional Solar Still (CSS) using the 5E framework (energy efficiency, exercise efficiency, economic sustainability, environmental impact, environmental economics) and sustainability index criteria. Results under different temperature conditions indicate that TWSS achieves higher freshwater productivity and thermal energy efficiency, ranging from 17.7 % to 27.9 %, especially during times of low solar radiation. This improvement is due to the twin wedge glass cover design, which increases the condensation surface and aperture area to absorb solar radiation. Economically, TWSS reduces the production cost per litre by 33 % compared to CSS, which has a sustainability index of 1.018. From an environmental point of view, it reduces CO₂, NO_X and SO₂ emissions by 19 %–42.4 % and shows reduced toxicity by 30 %–36.8 % in impact categories such as Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP) and Human Toxicity Potential (HTP). These advantages make TWSS an excellent option for freshwater production, especially in remote areas. Future research will focus on detailed Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), including production, operation and disposal. In addition, the integration of energy storage and hybridization can increase efficiency and competitiveness compared to conventional desalination methods.