Haifeng Sun , Zhenghao Gao , Jinni Zhang , Jinping Jia , Zhi Chai , Wei Ma
{"title":"顺式-3-己烯醛在多个水平上调节3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶a还原酶,促进蒙古黄芪根培养中三萜的产生","authors":"Haifeng Sun , Zhenghao Gao , Jinni Zhang , Jinping Jia , Zhi Chai , Wei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121066","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for cytosolic biosynthesis of isoprenoids such as triterpenoids and sterols. The current study aimed to investigate whether and how HMGR was modulated by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal in this process in <em>A</em>. <em>mongholicus</em> root cultures. In addition to <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal, lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMGR, was also applied. Compared with the control, <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal similarly reduced HMGR activity to the same level as lovastatin but increased the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅲ, cyclocephaloside Ⅱ, and cycloastragenol to higher levels than those of lovastatin. Interestingly, the combination of <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and lovastatin enhanced the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and cyclocephaloside Ⅱ to much higher levels within 24 hours. This result revealed that the reduced HMGR activity was not due to inhibition by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal, which was confirmed by molecular docking, <em>in vitro</em> incubation, and measuring HMGR level. Transcriptome analysis revealed that <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal significantly increased the abundance of four transcripts encoding HMGR and sterol <em>C</em>-22 desaturase. Further real-time PCR and correlation analysis indicated that SNF5, encoded by isoform_35315, was a key transcription regulatory protein involved in multilevel control of HMGR by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and its combination with lovastatin in an isoform-specific and time-dependent pattern. In summary, our results elucidated the modulating mechanism and potential of <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and lovastatin in enhancing astragalosides and cycloastragenol production in <em>A. mongholicus</em> root cultures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13581,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Crops and Products","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 121066"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Cis-3-hexenal modulates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase at multiple levels to enhance triterpenoid production in the root cultures of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge\",\"authors\":\"Haifeng Sun , Zhenghao Gao , Jinni Zhang , Jinping Jia , Zhi Chai , Wei Ma\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121066\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for cytosolic biosynthesis of isoprenoids such as triterpenoids and sterols. The current study aimed to investigate whether and how HMGR was modulated by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal in this process in <em>A</em>. <em>mongholicus</em> root cultures. In addition to <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal, lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMGR, was also applied. Compared with the control, <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal similarly reduced HMGR activity to the same level as lovastatin but increased the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅲ, cyclocephaloside Ⅱ, and cycloastragenol to higher levels than those of lovastatin. Interestingly, the combination of <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and lovastatin enhanced the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and cyclocephaloside Ⅱ to much higher levels within 24 hours. This result revealed that the reduced HMGR activity was not due to inhibition by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal, which was confirmed by molecular docking, <em>in vitro</em> incubation, and measuring HMGR level. Transcriptome analysis revealed that <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal significantly increased the abundance of four transcripts encoding HMGR and sterol <em>C</em>-22 desaturase. Further real-time PCR and correlation analysis indicated that SNF5, encoded by isoform_35315, was a key transcription regulatory protein involved in multilevel control of HMGR by <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and its combination with lovastatin in an isoform-specific and time-dependent pattern. In summary, our results elucidated the modulating mechanism and potential of <em>cis</em>-3-hexenal and lovastatin in enhancing astragalosides and cycloastragenol production in <em>A. mongholicus</em> root cultures.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":13581,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Industrial Crops and Products\",\"volume\":\"230 \",\"pages\":\"Article 121066\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":6.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-30\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Industrial Crops and Products\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669025006120\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Industrial Crops and Products","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669025006120","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING","Score":null,"Total":0}
Cis-3-hexenal modulates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase at multiple levels to enhance triterpenoid production in the root cultures of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway for cytosolic biosynthesis of isoprenoids such as triterpenoids and sterols. The current study aimed to investigate whether and how HMGR was modulated by cis-3-hexenal in this process in A. mongholicus root cultures. In addition to cis-3-hexenal, lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMGR, was also applied. Compared with the control, cis-3-hexenal similarly reduced HMGR activity to the same level as lovastatin but increased the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅲ, cyclocephaloside Ⅱ, and cycloastragenol to higher levels than those of lovastatin. Interestingly, the combination of cis-3-hexenal and lovastatin enhanced the contents of astragaloside Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and cyclocephaloside Ⅱ to much higher levels within 24 hours. This result revealed that the reduced HMGR activity was not due to inhibition by cis-3-hexenal, which was confirmed by molecular docking, in vitro incubation, and measuring HMGR level. Transcriptome analysis revealed that cis-3-hexenal significantly increased the abundance of four transcripts encoding HMGR and sterol C-22 desaturase. Further real-time PCR and correlation analysis indicated that SNF5, encoded by isoform_35315, was a key transcription regulatory protein involved in multilevel control of HMGR by cis-3-hexenal and its combination with lovastatin in an isoform-specific and time-dependent pattern. In summary, our results elucidated the modulating mechanism and potential of cis-3-hexenal and lovastatin in enhancing astragalosides and cycloastragenol production in A. mongholicus root cultures.
期刊介绍:
Industrial Crops and Products is an International Journal publishing academic and industrial research on industrial (defined as non-food/non-feed) crops and products. Papers concern both crop-oriented and bio-based materials from crops-oriented research, and should be of interest to an international audience, hypothesis driven, and where comparisons are made statistics performed.