Exploration of biochars for enhancing soil health, carbon sequestration, and greenhouse gas emission reductions under citrus cultivation

Exploration of biochar application for soil health and carbon (C) sequestration, and their impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under citrus orchard cultivation is a less explored aspect. As citrus orchard soils are mainly acidic, soil organic matter (SOM) loss via acidity-induced decomposition and subsequent GHG emissions can be reduced through addition of biochar. Due to the alkaline nature of biochar, it improves soil fertility by increasing SOM, reduces GHG emissions, enhances nutrient storage and sequesters C through improved rates of nutrient cycling. In the context of citrus orchards, where soil health is of prime importance for sustained productivity, integration of biochar offers promising prospects. In this document, we have explored previous literature about biochar application on properties of acidic soils under citrus cultivation along with its prospects in improving physicochemical and biological properties. In return, soil-water-plant interactions produce exponential yield returns. Thus, authors have explored in-detail methods for biochar production, its application to citrus orchard soils for their health improvements, C sequestration and reduction of GHG emissions, thereby mitigating the climate change. Moreover, this review may serve as a document of support to promote the use of biochar for improving degraded soils under citrus orchard production to uplift their health and citrus yield as well as carbon sequestration and GHG reduction.