Optimized biodiesel production from Java olive seeds using a novel magnetic nanobiocatalyst and advanced optimization techniques

Biodiesel, a renewable and eco-friendly diesel alternative, faces challenges like high costs, feedstock needs, catalyst efficiency, and achieving high yields with minimal resources. A novel Fe-coated silica magnetic nanobiocatalyst was derived from Pedalium murex by chemical achieved a 95 % biodiesel yield with 12.5 wt % usage, demonstrating excellent catalytic properties and reusability in transesterification. Java olive plant seeds, known for their high oil yield, were collected by manual, extracted by mechanical expeller, and converted into biodiesel by transesterification using optimized parameters determined by response surface methodology. These parameters included a methanol/oil ratio of 0.25 v/v, a stirring speed of 1100 rpm, a processing time of 4.5 h, a temperature of 65 °C, and the specified concentration of the nanobiocatalyst. The process again integrated a deep learning neural network, which was optimized by Enhanced Artificial Bee Colony, Fast Cuckoo Search and Grey Wolf Optimization algorithms to enhance the efficiency of biodiesel synthesis. Comparative analysis of the optimization techniques demonstrated the superiority of hybrid methods in achieving higher process efficiency. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the biodiesel properties was conducted to confirm its compatibility with automotive vehicles, ensuring it meets the necessary standards and performance criteria for efficient and safe operation in engines, thereby validating its suitability for broader application in the transportation sector.