Towards digitized electrochemical power source for electric vehicles

Electrochemical power sources play a critical role in electric vehicles (EVs) for green transportation. The intrinsic reaction mechanisms, and multiphysics and multiscale characteristics of electrochemical power sources result in strong nonlinearity, time variation, and spatial distribution during operation, which presents challenges to reliable management. This review takes the lithium-ion batteries as the object, by reviewing the state-of-the-art studies and development trends from aspects of modeling, measurement, and management, summarizing that the developments of multiphysics and multiscale models are necessary for advanced battery design, measurement parameter design, and control strategy design; high precision and multi-dimensional parameter measurements are trending to be deployed on board by utilizing on-board sensors; local management moves towards the integration of local and cloud-based management based on high-performance computing and long-term storage for battery data throughout the battery whole life cycle. To integrate the development of advanced technologies on the EV power source systems, therefore, the architecture of a digitized electrochemical power source including modeling, digital measurement, and management is proposed, which together forms a pathway towards the stability and reliability requirements of lithium-ion batteries facilitating the development of electrochemical power source application scenarios, e.g., EVs and energy storage systems.