Advanced microfluidic strategies for core-shell nanoparticles: the next-generation of polymeric and lipid-based drug nanocarriers

Microfluidic technology has transformed the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles (CSNPs), providing an unprecedented level of control over their structural and functional properties. This review critically evaluates recent advancements, highlighting the superiority of microfluidic methods over conventional batch techniques, which often suffer from variability and scalability issues. Indeed microfluidic platforms enable the precise manipulation of reaction conditions, leading to highly uniform nanoparticles with optimized characteristics. This level of precision is particularly relevant in drug delivery, where the ability to fine-tune nanoparticle size, composition, and surface properties directly influences therapeutic efficacy. A fundamental aspect of this approach lies in the choice of synthesis techniques, such as nanoprecipitation and emulsification, which leverage the confined microscale environment to promote controlled self-assembly. Equally important is the selection of materials for microfluidic chip fabrication, as properties such as chemical resistance, biocompatibility, and manufacturability determine the feasibility of large-scale production. The integration of microfluidics into nanoparticle production is not merely a technical refinement but a step toward a more efficient and adaptable nanomedicine. By integrating these strategies, microfluidics emerges as a key enabler for the clinical translation of nanomedicine. To bridge the gap between lab-scale synthesis and industrial production, this review discusses high-throughput microfluidic platforms and multilayered designs.