Comprehensive Safety Assessment of Hydrogen: From Production to Application in Energy Systems

In the quest for sustainable and clean energy alternatives to fossil fuels, hydrogen emerges as a front-runner due to its high energy yield and environmentally friendly combustion byproduct, water. This study delves into the comprehensive lifecycle of hydrogen energy, from its production through various methods, storage, and transportation, to its multifaceted applications in energy systems, with a pivotal focus on safety considerations. It meticulously examines the inherent risks associated with hydrogen, such as its propensity for embrittlement in metals and the explosive dangers it poses under certain conditions, presenting a detailed risk assessment framework. This review uniquely integrates lifecycle safety considerations across hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and application, addressing critical gaps in risk assessment frameworks, material resilience strategies, and policy standardization—an approach not yet covered in the existing literature. It highlights case studies and real-world incidents that underline the importance of rigorous safety protocols and innovative technological solutions to mitigate risks. Concluding with forward-looking recommendations, this study emphasizes the essential role of ongoing research and development in enhancing hydrogen safety mechanisms, regulatory standards, and public perception. It calls for a collaborative effort among scientists, engineers, policymakers, and the public to address the safety challenges head-on, paving the way for hydrogen to become a cornerstone of the global transition to renewable energy sources. Through this comprehensive analysis, the article contributes significantly to the academic and practical discourse on hydrogen energy, positioning safety as a critical factor in realizing hydrogen’s full potential as a sustainable energy sector.