Experimental study on vaporization behavior of liquid hydrogen on different substrates

Liquid hydrogen leakage during production, storage, and transportation poses significant safety challenges, yet experimental studies on its vaporization behavior across various substrates remain limited. A specialized experimental setup was developed to investigates the vaporization behavior of liquid hydrogen on concrete, soil, sand, and gravel substrates. Results reveal significant variations in temperature responses and vaporization rates across substrates, with concrete exhibiting the highest vaporization rate (0.0700 characteristic parameter), followed by gravel (0.0478), sand (0.0322), and soil (0.0236). The vaporized mass of liquid hydrogen shows an approximately linear relationship with the square root of time for all substrates. A novel vaporization characteristic parameter model is proposed to quantify the vaporization dynamics, providing critical insights into cryogenic fluid-substrate interactions. These findings enhance understanding of liquid hydrogen vaporization and offer practical implications for improving the safety and design of cryogenic storage and handling systems.