Governing industrial and urban symbiosis: Internal and external strategies for municipal development

Industrial and urban symbiosis (IUS) is an emerging sustainability strategy in which organizations collaborate to optimize resource flows and minimize waste within urban environments. Rooted in circular economy principles, IUS has gained global attention as cities seek innovative solutions to enhance resource efficiency and resilience. However, local authorities play a critical yet underexplored role in governing IUS. While previous studies recognize their importance in initiating and expanding such initiatives, limited research has systematically examined how municipalities balance internal governance with external engagement strategies to manage IUS effectively. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the internal and external governing strategies employed by Swedish municipalities with emerging or established IUS initiatives. A survey of 22 municipalities revealed that while IUS is widely prioritized, the level of municipal engagement varies. Findings suggest that broader administrative involvement can strengthen capacity for circular solutions. Internally, self-governing strategies, particularly political anchoring, were key to successful implementation. Externally, municipalities adopted enabling, provision, and partnership strategies, emphasizing coordination and facilitation over legal enforcement. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and urban planners in and beyond Sweden, offering governance strategies applicable to cities and regions seeking to integrate IUS into their sustainability agendas.