Pedicled Vascularized Common Peroneal Nerve Graft in Sciatic Nerve Reconstruction With Involvement of Inner Pelvic Lumbar and Sacral Nerve Roots: A Case Report and Literature Review

Long segment losses exceeding 10 cm in the sciatic nerve are challenging in both the reconstructive techniques and optimizing sensory and motor function recovery. This case report and literature review describes our experience of using a pedicled vascularized common peroneal nerve graft to repair a 14-cm sciatic nerve defect, involving L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots. Additionally, we conducted a literature review of various types of nerve autografts for large sciatic nerve defects, summarizing their characteristics and outcomes to aid clinicians in decision-making and expected results in different scenarios. The patient, a 23-year-old female diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type I, underwent R0 tumor resection of the proximal left sciatic nerve due to a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. She received an ipsilateral pedicled vascularized common peroneal nerve graft. The reconstruction included the L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots beyond the greater sciatic foramen into the inner pelvis. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. At the 26-month follow-up, she showed MRC grade 4/5 strength in hamstrings with 90°knee flexion and a steady gait pattern. At the 32-month follow-up, she could ambulate very well with an ankle-foot orthosis. The outcomes support the use of a pedicled vascularized common peroneal nerve graft in a single-staged surgery to restore motor function for large sciatic nerve defects. Our literature review revealed that in cases where sural nerves are insufficient or injured for sciatic nerve reconstruction, the common peroneal nerve is a viable alternative to help patients regain functional independence.