Rain Optimization Algorithm–Based Optimized Reconfigurable Antenna for Satellite Communication

Reconfigurable antennas have played a substantial role in the growth of wireless communication technology due to their low cost, high speed, and compact size. However, one of the key challenges in satellite communication is the efficient use of bandwidth and maintaining high-quality signal reception under varying environmental conditions. Traditional satellite communication systems rely on fixed antennas that may not adapt effectively to changing atmospheric conditions, signal interference, or satellite position variations, leading to suboptimal performance. To overcome these limitations, reconfigurable antennas (RAs) have emerged as a promising solution, offering flexibility to adjust their operating parameters. This research aims to address this challenge by employing a rain optimization algorithm (ROA) to optimize the parameters of a reconfigurable antenna for satellite communication. The optimization-based reconfigurable antenna by the intrusion of Flame Retardant-4 (FR4) substrate is proposed with a thickness of 1.4 mm, a permittivity of 4.4, and a tangent loss of 0.019, respectively. Here, the L-shaped slots have been embedded in the ground plane of dimension 20 × 20 to enhance the antenna performance. ROA is established to optimize the parameter of the designed antenna. Uniformly, the high-pass filter (HPF) is initiated in the antenna design to eliminate the undesired frequencies. The parameters of the designed antenna, such as current distribution, gain, return loss, directivity, and radiation pattern, are simulated by the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) tool. For satellite applications, the proposed optimized antenna achieves a gain of 8.75 dB, a bandwidth of 9.70 MHz, and a return loss of −16.03 and −18.982 at the resonance frequencies of 9.7 and 29.5 GHZ. Furthermore, by altering the antenna's length and width, the parametric analysis is assessed in terms of the reflection coefficient and VSWR. Additionally, a hardware analysis is conducted.