Towards an immersive experience in tactical sports: A systematic review and future directions for airsoft and paintball

Airsoft and paintball are tactical sports that combine physical activity, strategy, and teamwork, fostering a growing recreational and competitive culture. However, technological integration in these sports remains underexplored. This study systematically reviews technological advancements over the past 25 years, focusing on safety, interactivity, and automation to enhance gameplay and reduce risks. Key technologies identified include IoT-enabled smart vests, GPS tracking systems, autonomous turrets, and player monitoring. Additionally, an international survey of field owners highlights strong interest in interactive maps, automated scoring, and real-time mission updates, while also revealing barriers such as high costs, lack of technical knowledge, and infrastructure limitations. The analysis underscores the potential of technology to improve game dynamics, operational efficiency, and industry sustainability while addressing challenges like technical feasibility and accessibility. Furthermore, it explores the impact on business models and player engagement. The study provides actionable recommendations for creating immersive, safe, and inclusive environments, laying the foundation for future research on AI-driven automation, augmented reality applications, and adaptive gaming experiences in both recreational and competitive settings.