Advancements in Reactor Technologies for Scalable and Sustainable Biodiesel Production

Large-scale biodiesel production faces a critical challenge due to its relatively high cost, compared to fossil-based diesel, primarily driven by expensive feedstocks and production processes. To address this, there is an urgent need for the development and continuous improvement of cost-effective and eco-friendly biodiesel production technologies. This paper comprehensively reviews biodiesel production techniques, focusing on the transesterification reactor. Recent advancements in reactor technologies, including tubular/plug-flow and rotating reactors, are discussed in detail. The merits and limitations of each reactor type are critically analyzed to provide insights into their applicability for biodiesel production. Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production using reactors are discussed. Furthermore, the paper explores the prospects of developing innovative reactor systems, emphasizing sustainability by integrating biorefinery concepts using waste feedstocks. This review will guide future research and development efforts toward scalable and sustainable biodiesel production technologies.