Nanotechnology applications in the regulation of metabolic diseases

Metabolic diseases—such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, gout, and thyroid disorders—are characterized by disruptions in normal metabolic processes. Traditional regulation of these conditions often faces challenges like adverse side effects, limited patient adherence, and suboptimal efficacy; for instance, conventional diabetes therapies can lead to hypoglycemia and require frequent dosing, affecting patient compliance. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions by leveraging nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery and controlled release, while also harnessing their intrinsic properties—including catalytic activity for redox modulation, regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and photothermal conversion—to address current shortcomings and introduce new therapeutic possibilities. This review explores how nanotechnology can overcome existing limitations in the regulation of metabolic diseases by enhancing drug stability and bioavailability, and by leveraging the intrinsic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of nanomaterials. By examining recent advancements, the review highlights the significant potential of nanotechnology to transform the management and regulation of metabolic health disorders, offering more precise, effective, and patient-friendly therapies.