Behavioral adaptations of Gaddi Goats: Validation of seasonal resource utilization in transhumant pastoralism of the North-western Himalayan region

This study examines the behavioral adaptations of Gaddi goats (Capra hircus) managed under transhumant pastoralism in the Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, India. Seasonal migrations by Gaddi pastoralists align with reproductive cycles and forage availability. The objective was to explore how seasonal migrations and traditional pastoral decisions align with key reproductive stages—mid-pregnancy (MP), post-kidding (PK), and mid-lactation (ML)—to optimize resource utilization and ensure goat welfare. Behavioral patterns were documented across three altitudinal zones: high hills (>1800 m), mid hills (651–1800 m), and low hills (350–650 m). Observations were conducted on four flocks (n=248±15.1) along two migratory routes, documenting behaviors over 8-h grazing periods using focal sampling and video recordings. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS. Results showed total feeding time was highest (P<0.05) during ML (58.77%) compared to PK (56.33%) and MP (54.58%). Browsing time peaked during ML (45.87%), while grazing was most prominent during MP (46.18%). Standing time was significantly higher (P<0.05) at MP and PK compared to ML, with no significant differences in walking, ruminating, or lying. Bipedal stance and object grooming were highest during ML, while self-grooming was most frequent post-kidding. The findings highlight how pastoral decisions align with the physiological needs of Gaddi goats, enhancing their adaptability, resource utilization, and welfare. Behavioral observations validate traditional transhumant practices and suggest pathways for optimizing livestock management in mountainous terrains.n