Alpha-Synuclein drives NURR1 and NLRP3 Inflammasome dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and pathological aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Emerging evidence highlights the interplay between genetic susceptibility, neuroinflammation, and transcriptional dysregulation in driving PD pathogenesis. This review brings together the latest information on three important players: α-Syn, the transcription factor Orphan nuclear receptor (NURR1), and the NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Pathogenic α-syn aggregates cause damage to neurons by disrupting mitochondria and lysosomes and spreading in a way similar to prion proteins. They also turn on the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is a key player in neuroinflammation. NLRP3-driven release of pro-inflammatory cytokines exacerbates neurodegeneration and creates a self-sustaining inflammatory milieu. Meanwhile, reduced NURR1 activity, a pivotal modulator of dopaminergic neuron survival and development, exposes neurons to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and α-Syn toxicity, hence exacerbating disease progression. So, targeting this trio exhibits transformative potential against PD pathogenesis.