Biosynthesis of Phosphorus Nanoparticles for Sustainable Agroecosystems: Next Generation Nanotechnology Application for Improved Plant Growth

The rising global food demand needs novel approaches to increasing agricultural yield while minimizing environmental effect. Phosphorus (P) is important for almost all the physiological and biochemical processes in plants. However, the phosphorus availability in soil is limited in soil due to fixation. Excess application of phosphorus-based fertilizers causes environmental hazards like eutrophication, soil degradation, damage to the aquatic ecosystem, and groundwater pollution. One of the most remarkable approaches to counter these issues could be an application of nanotechnology with special regard to nano application of phosphorus nano particles. Phosphorus nanoparticles are expected to enhance phosphorus bioavailability, thereby improving nutrient-use efficiency. These nanoscale fertilizers facilitate controlled released of phosphorus, improved plant growth, germination, and increased crop yield. Other benefits include reduced use of conventional fertilizers, therefore preventing environmental degradation in conjunction with supporting the cause of sustainable agriculture. Despite these potential benefits limited research has explored the detailed application of phosphorus nanoparticles in agriculture. This review has embarked upon the synthesis, sources, and interaction of phosphorus nanoparticles with plants, by highlighting their potential in improving seed germination, crop yield, and bioremediation. Various sources of phosphorus nanoparticles are discussed and their eco-microbiological advantages examined. The introduction of phosphorus nanoparticles in agricultural practices can be a transformative step toward a cost-effective and sustainable agroecosystem.