Recent advancements in high-performance and durable electrodes materials for magnesium-ion batteries

Magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) are gaining traction as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to their environmental sustainability, low cost, and high volumetric capacity. Despite these advantages, challenges such as sluggish Mg²⁺ ion de-intercalation, high polarization effects, and electrode incompatibility limit their commercial potential. To enhance MIB viability, developing stable, high-performance electrode materials is essential. This review presents recent advances in MIB electrode materials, focusing on both cathodes and anodes. The cathode materials reviewed include various intercalation compounds, such as Chevrel phase materials, chalcogenides, and layered structures, as well as spinel, olivine, NASICON-type, and emerging framework materials. Conversion-type cathodes, including sulfides, oxides, and redox-active organic materials, are discussed with emphasis on strategies for performance enhancement. Anodes explored include magnesium metal, alloy-based materials, and alternative compounds. This review highlights the recent advancements in MIB electrode materials over the past few years, outlining key opportunities and challenges. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for advancing MIB research and development.