Advancements in nanotechnology for biomedical and wearable applications

The developments in science, engineering, and technology have enabled the miniaturization of structures to a nanometer scale (10⁻⁹ m), which has found a wide range of applications in biomedical fields. The phenomenon that enables the development of structures, devices, and systems at this level is known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology (nanofibers, nanoparticles) enables the production of fibers and structures for tissue engineering, scaffolding, drug delivery systems, and integration of conductive materials at the nanoscale (carbon nanotubes) for developing wearable technologies for monitoring health. In addition, the application of nanotechnology in producing finishes on a flexible surface (woven/knitted fabrics and films) with enhanced functional properties (antibacterial/anti-odor, antioxidant, and antiviral) is also growing in recent times, especially after the global pandemic due to increased awareness on improving self-hygiene and sanitation. This article will systematically analyze the literature on the development of medical applications using nanotechnology, including non-implantable medical devices such as compression bandages, stockings, antimicrobial wound dressings, burn wound care, health monitoring, and wearable medical products that enhance patient care and recovery. Several methods of producing nanoparticles/nanofibers will be discussed, along with the challenges when producing nanoscale structures, the detrimental effect on human health, and future directions in this area will be highlighted.