Power imbalances and sustainability challenges: a political ecology analysis of impact and benefit agreements in Canada's arctic mining sector

Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) are crucial for managing mineral development in Canada's Arctic, aiming to promote sustainability and distribute benefits to Indigenous communities. However, this study uncovers shortcomings in the IBA model that hinder its effectiveness. We analyse the former Jericho Diamond Project IBA in Nunavut through a political ecology lens to highlight power imbalances in decision-making for natural resource development. Our research indicates that IBAs centralise decision-making authority among regional Inuit associations and industry stakeholders, sidelining local communities and those not receiving benefits. Additionally, the confidential aspect of IBAs constrains public oversight and accountability. Current IBA structures fail to address community sustainability issues, including infrastructure and social impacts. They reinforce a wage economy that leaves Northern communities vulnerable to global fluctuations. Excluding key stakeholders, like municipal governments, creates gaps in meeting community needs. Although IBAs improve on past mining practices, they do not secure sustainable development in Canada's Arctic. This research calls for a reimagined IBA model better to balance economic opportunities with environmental protection and community well-being.