Comprehensive review of Positive Energy Districts: Multidimensional analysis of energy, economic, social, and environmental aspects

Introduction

Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) can fully utilize renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and address global challenges such as environmental pollution, climate change, and energy shortages. However, regional differences and the absence of a comprehensive evaluation method have led to uneven global PED development. The purpose of this study is to promote the more balanced and widespread development and construction of PEDs globally by proposing practical methods for their realization.

Methods

A comprehensive review of research literature on Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) from the past two decades was conducted. The study focused on the flexibility and resilience of PEDs, performing a coupled analysis from energy, economic, social, and environmental perspectives to explore the key factors influencing the realization of PEDs.

Results

The definition of PEDs was clarified, and existing projects in various regions were reviewed. It was found that energy management systems, smart grids, and electric vehicles have a significant impact on the energy flexibility of PEDs. Furthermore, economic and technological factors contribute to the uneven development of PEDs. Key elements for achieving PEDs in the context of energy system construction were identified. Through case analysis, a two-stage transformation method for converting industrial towns into PEDs was proposed.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that PED energy systems require coordinated regulation through diverse renewable energy and storage technologies. Additionally, factors such as environmental emissions, land use, and energy justice must be considered in PED construction. This study addresses current shortcomings and contributes to the knowledge base on PEDs.