Regional differences in glacier changes and responses to climate warming in Asia

Under global warming, Asian glaciers have experienced accelerated retreats and increased mass loss. Utilizing data from the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), this study selected 16 representative glaciers across Asia to analyse the temporal and spatial changes of glacial mass balance (GMB), equilibrium line altitude (ELA), and accumulation area ratio (AAR) in the past several decades. Based on structural equation modelling and correlation analysis, we evaluated the responses of glacier change to climate change. The results indicated that 14 glaciers experienced mass loss, with the Parlung No. 94 Glacier exhibiting a severe loss and significant retreat. In contrast, the Abramov, Muztag Ata No. 15, Chhota Shigri, and Yala glaciers showed an increase in GMB, consistent with the "Karakoram Glacier anomaly". Additionally, a latitudinal gradient was observed, with ELA decreasing, AAR rising, and the rate and magnitude of glacier mass loss decreasing as latitude increased. GMB was negatively correlated with ELA and positively correlated with AAR, with the Vodopaniy No. 125 Glacier showing the highest sensitivity to GMB variations. GMB fluctuation is influenced by energy (surface net solar radiation, air temperature) and precipitation. The significant decline of the Parlung No. 94 Glacier was ascribed to rising temperature. From west to east in the Himalayas, the negative effects of energy on GMB decreased, with positive precipitation having a particularly large impact on the Yala Glacier. The Chhota Shigri, Djankuat, and Hamaguri Yuki glaciers displayed different states of mass balance due to the influence of climatic factors. This study provides valuable insights into the comprehensive understanding of glacier change in Asia and its responses to climate change.