Environmental and economic comparison of diesel and electric trucks in open-pit mining operations

The global mining sector accounts for 4 %–7 % of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mining companies aim to drastically reduce Scope 1 and 2 emissions for environmentally sustainable operations by 2050. Transitioning from diesel to all-electric haulage fleets is a promising approach to eliminating Scope 1 emissions and aligning with net-zero objectives. Using battery electric vehicles in the industry has the potential to enhance operational efficiency by reducing operating costs, lowering energy consumption, and significantly decreasing GHG emissions. However, as electrification progresses, concerns arise over reliability, productivity, maintenance, capacity constraints, and the associated costs. This research addresses the prospective GHG impact of transitioning to electric trucks in open-pit haulage. A discrete event simulation model was developed as a generalized framework to compare diesel and electricity demands of haulage systems, considering factors like speed, load, maintenance, and resilience in adverse weather. Then, an economic assessment based on haulage energy demand identified operational cost-saving potential for electric trucks. Our modelling results show that GHG emissions could be significantly reduced by up to 92.6 % in a hypothetical case, and operating costs could be reduced by 40 %–62 %, underscoring the synergistic environmental and economic benefits of electrification in mining operations.