Demographic dimension of ocean perceptions: Evidence from Indonesia

This study examines how demographic factors—age, gender, education, occupation, and length of residence—shape perceptions and behaviors toward marine conservation in Indonesia. Data were collected from 3159 respondents across 18 marine ecoregions using quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to capture perspectives. Findings indicate that younger and more educated individuals prioritize marine research and pollution control, while older respondents emphasize economic stability and resource management. Gender differences are evident: statistical analysis (Chi-square, Cramér’s V) shows that women express greater concern for environmental protection and pollution impacts on household and community health (p < 0.01, moderate effect size), whereas men are more inclined toward the economic utilization of marine resources, often linked to fisheries and maritime occupations. Occupational status also influences attitudes toward marine sustainability, with employees and students showing stronger support for conservation policies than self-employed individuals and fishers, who prioritize economic considerations and financial security (p < 0.05, moderate effect size). Long-term coastal residents are more engaged in marine sustainability efforts compared to recent arrivals, exhibiting stronger advocacy for conservation measures (p < 0.01, moderate-to-high effect size). These findings highlight the necessity of integrating demographic insights into marine policy to ensure inclusive, adaptive, and effective governance. To align with the Indonesian Ocean Policy (IOP), this study recommends targeted interventions, including gender-sensitive environmental education, financial incentives for sustainable small-scale fisheries, and place-based marine governance strategies incorporating customary tenure systems (e.g., sasi laut). Embedding these demographic considerations in policy frameworks ensures effective, socially responsive, and equitable marine conservation strategies in Indonesia.