Novel terahertz biosensor integrating MXene/black phosphorus/graphene on metasurface architecture for enhanced pregnancy detection

This study presents an innovative terahertz biosensor design incorporating MXene, black phosphorus, and graphene on a metasurface architecture for pregnancy detection. The sensor features simple resonator arrays including rectangular, plus-shaped, and circular ring resonators, optimized for enhanced sensitivity in the terahertz regime. Operating at frequencies around 0.39 THz, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 1000 GHzRIU^− 1, with a figure of merit reaching 19.231 RIU⁻¹. The design demonstrates consistent performance with a quality factor of approximately 7.5 and detection accuracy of 19.231 RIU⁻¹. Machine learning optimization using 1D Convolutional Neural Networks achieved predictive accuracy with R² values of 94–96%. This high-performance biosensor represents a significant advancement in non-invasive pregnancy detection technology.