Emerging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species regulators for biomedical therapy: 2D MXenzymes

The burgeoning field of nanozymes has attracted significant attention recently, owing to their remarkable capabilities in modulating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), offering promising therapeutic strategies for RONS-related diseases. Among these, two-dimensional MXene-based nanozymes (2D MXenzymes) have emerged as standout candidates due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including vast specific surface area, hydrophilicity, outstanding electrical and optical characteristics, superior performance in redox reactions, versatile biocatalysis, effective RONS modulation, and inherent biocompatibility and biosafety. Given the ever-growing requirements of reasonably construct efficient and safe nanozymes according to demand, this review will delve into the potential of 2D MXenzymes for biomedical applications by examining three key aspects: their malleable electrical and optical properties, RONS regulatory mechanisms, and intrinsic biocompatibility and safety. We comprehensively summarize and discuss recent advancements in the strategies for enhancing RONS regulatory activity of 2D MXenzymes, particularly through surface modification, hybridization, and valence engineering. Additionally, we highlight the promising applications of these nanozymes in cancer, antibiosis, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory therapy. Finally, we address the current challenges and future prospects in the field of biomedical therapy, drawing insights from representative studies.