Technological advances in ligninolytic enzymes for the biological valorization of lignin

Lignin is a promising renewable aromatic resource with significant potential for conversion into high-value products, making it a key component in advancing biorefinery processes and supporting the bioeconomy. However, its structural heterogeneity and macromolecular complexity pose major challenges to its biological valorization. This work focuses on advancing the bio-depolymerization of lignin into highly bioavailable derivatives for downstream bioconversion by exploring cutting-edge technologies for the screening and modification of ligninolytic enzymes. Key enzymes involved in both extracellular depolymerization and intracellular transformation of lignin serve as critical targets for advancing its biological valorization. A range of state-of-the-art technologies can be employed for high-throughput screening of efficient ligninolytic enzymes or bacteria, thereby enriching the pool of available biocatalysts. Protein engineering offers a powerful approach for developing artificial enzymes with industrial production advantages. Additionally, artificial intelligence provides valuable strategies for designing and modifying ligninolytic enzymes. Overall, the interdisciplinary application of these advanced technologies is instrumental in propelling lignin biological valorization to a more sophisticated stage of green development.