Green synthesis-driven gold nanoparticles using Lilium wallichianum leaf extract for biomedical applications

Recently, chemical methods for synthesizing nanoparticles have raised concerns due to their harmful effects on human health and the environment. To overcome this hurdle, researchers are looking for alternative approaches, with eco-friendly synthesis methods gaining attention. However, their toxicity still requires further validation. This study highlights the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Lilium wallichianum leaf extract through a single-step method, aiming to develop eco-friendly NPs for biomedical applications. The synthesized Au NPs were characterized by optical, functional, structural, and morphological analysis. The Au NPs showed a spherical shape with an average size of 11.98 nm. The biological effects of Au NPs were assessed using three model systems: RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, Artemia salina nauplii, and Allium cepa root tip cells. The Au NPs showed biocompatible in RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, with a maximum mitotic index of 73.93 % in Allium cepa root tip cells, suggesting enhanced cell proliferation. Furthermore, the Au NPs accumulated in the gut region of Artemia salina without inducing mortality. These findings indicate that green-synthesized Au NPs are biocompatible and demonstrate a potential for many biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue and even plant regeneration.