Evaluation and application of public space in commercial buildings based on user behaviour needs

Public spaces within commercial buildings play a crucial role as part of the urban image, while also providing spatial positioning for the layout of commercial buildings. Establishing design strategies, optimizing spatial forms, and enhancing user engagement within these spaces are key to fostering high-quality urban environments. This study takes two typical commercial buildings in Milan as a case study to explore the characteristics of user behaviour, which in turn inform strategies for interior design in public spaces. A combined approach of field surveys and data analysis was adopted. The usage status of public spaces was investigated through case studies, and the data was subjected to statistical analysis. A total of 200 participants were involved in the qualitative data collection. The findings reveal that the spatial layout, spatial recognition, and familiarity with the shopping center are the most important factors influencing users' choice of commercial buildings. Based on the results, interior design strategies were developed to optimize the public spaces in commercial buildings and enhance spatial appeal. Additionally, eye movement tracking experiments and simultaneous ergonomic equipment were applied to test visual hotspots and heart rate variability (HRV). Based on the ratio of high-frequency power to low-frequency power (LF/HF) and the eye movement tracking hotspot analysis, comparative analyses were performed on five spatial groups to identify visual focal points. The results suggest that a relatively simple radial spatial layout is more easily accepted, uniquely designed signage systems and innovative spatial interface materials enhance spatial recognition, and the location of commercial centers is a key determinant of user familiarity. Accordingly, design strategies were proposed in three aspects: spatial layout, spatial recognition, and spatial familiarity. The findings provide insights into user preferences regarding comfort in commercial spaces, clarifying the varying influences of different landscape elements on spatial comfort. This study offers both theoretical and practical implications for optimizing public spaces in commercial buildings and improving user comfort.