Sublethal sanitizers exposure differentially affects biofilm formation in three adapted Salmonella strains: A phenotypic-transcriptomic analysis of increased biofilm formed by ATCC 14028

Purpose

Using sanitizer in food industry is an important mean of sterilization and biofilm eradication, but inappropriate operation may lead to resistance, posing a concealed risk to food safety. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of sub-lethal sanitizers on the biofilm formed by adaptive Salmonella and to explore the variations in transcription within adaptive Salmonella biofilms when co-incubated with sublethal concentrations of sanitizers.

Methods

The microbroth dilution method was determined to measure the MIC of three sanitizers on Salmonella, and adaptation induction was conducted with steadily increasing sanitizer concentrations. The effect of sub-MIC sanitizers on the biofilm of Salmonella was investigated by crystal violet method, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transcriptomics.

Results

The results indicated that the maximum growth concentration of the adapted strains was 1.69–43.25 times that of the original MIC, and the number of bacteria and matrix content were increased when re-exposed to sub-MIC benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and the expression of regulatory factors and various amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism-related genes showed an up-regulation trend.

Significance

This will be beneficial to clarify the correlation and mechanism between the sanitizer adaptation of salmonellae caused by improper sanitization and increased biofilm formation resulting from this adaptation. And it helps to adjust the appropriate dosage of sanitizer and optimize sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) in the foodstuff industry, thereby effectively promoting the bactericidal effect and eliminating foodborne pathogens' biofilm.