Sexual Assault Labeling Over Time Among Gender and Sexual Identity Groups: How and Why Survivors’ Perceptions Changed

How survivors label victimization experiences that meet the definition of sexual assault can change over time. The current study more closely examines how and why survivors’ labeling of victimization experiences changes over time. Participants were 380 college students (83.7% cisgender women) with a history of sexual assault victimization since age 14. Participants reported the extent to which they considered their most recent sexual victimization experience to be sexual assault one-month post-assault (i.e., retrospectively) and currently (i.e., during participation), then explained their reasons for label changes via open-ended responses. Over half (56.0%) of participants were consistent in their labeling across timepoints, 36.1% increased the extent to which they labeled the experience a sexual assault, and 7.9% decreased the extent to which they labeled the experience a sexual assault. Notably, queer (i.e., LGBTQ+) survivors evidenced the greatest labeling change, and cisgender heterosexual men survivors evidenced the lowest current sexual assault labeling. Using qualitative content analysis, we identified five reasons for broad label change by participants: (1) meaning-making, (2) attributions, (3) (un)certainty, (4) assault characteristics, and (5) emotional and cognitive consequences. These findings demonstrate that survivors’ use of the label sexual assault can decrease over time, and that reasons for broad label change are influenced by event-, individual-, interpersonal-, and societal-level factors. Individuals who support sexual assault survivors are encouraged to recognize that labeling can be a flexible, bidirectional process and validate survivors’ evolving perceptions of their victimization experiences.