Nanomaterial-based advanced sensors for rapid marine biotoxin detection: An ethical and promising alternative

Marine toxins are naturally occurring chemicals produced by harmful algal blooms, which produce toxic substances through their metabolic processes. These toxins may accumulate in various marine species such as fish, crabs, or filter-feeding bivalves. Some marine toxins are poisonous enough to classify them as neurotoxins and/or poisoning toxins. Unfortunately, the standardized method for marine toxin detection is still conducted in complicated, expensive, and rather unethical ways. Nanomaterial-based biosensors can serve as a promising alternative detection for marine toxins as rapid and practical, in addition to having adequate sensitivity and selectivity. We present the most advanced studies to engineer various platforms promising new standards for marine toxin detection, which describe the fundamentals and the need for nanobiosensors for marine biotoxins. This review will conclusively provide a critical perspective and insights into the major challenges for marine biotoxin detections that must be overcome for these systems to have real impacts on society.