Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as reinforcement in short fibre-reinforced biobased composites for application in injection moulding – A possible use case for biomass from marginal land?

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has been observed to grow spontaneously on metal-contaminated soils marginalised by heavy industrial use, thereby presenting an opportunity for the economic utilisation of such lands. This study explores the potential of nettle as a fibre crop by producing short fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites through compounding and injection moulding. Whole stem segments from three nettle clones (B13, L18, and Roville), along with separated fibre bundles from the L18 clone, were processed. The fibre bundles were separated using a roller breaker unit and a hammer mill. From separation with the hammer mill, not only cleaned fibre bundles but also the uncleaned fibre-shive mixture and the undersieve fraction were processed. The Young's modulus of all composites exceeded that of unreinforced PLA, with mean values ranging from 5.7 to 8.1 GPa. However, the tensile strength of most composites was lower than that of pure PLA, except for the two composites reinforced with cleaned fibre bundles. Of these two, the reinforcement with fibre bundles from separation with the hammer mill led to superior mechanical properties, with a higher Young's modulus (8.1 GPa) and tensile strength (61.8 MPa) compared to those separated using the breaking unit (7.2 GPa and 55.9 MPa). This enhancement is hypothesised to result from reduced fibre damage and lower fibre bundle thickness. The findings suggest that nettle cultivation on marginal lands could be a viable option for producing short-fibre composites, thereby offering a sustainable use of these otherwise underutilised areas.