A holistic approach to enhance reliability and profitability through reliable efficiency index optimization and renewable energy integration.

The integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) into modern power grids is critical for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy sustainability. However, the intermittent nature of RESs poses challenges to grid reliability and operational efficiency. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel approach to optimize the reliable efficiency index (REI), a key performance metric for grid operations. Through the deployment of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and leveraging advanced optimization techniques, this research explores the combined effects of RES and ESS on grid reliability, profitability, and environmental impact. The epsilon-constrained method was employed to optimize system operations, incorporating uncertainty in RES outputs and market conditions. Results from simulations on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system demonstrate significant improvements in REI, system availability, and profitability after incorporating RESs and ESSs. Additionally, hidden revenues, including reduced carbon emissions and fuel savings, were quantified, highlighting the economic and environmental benefits. The integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) into modern power grids is critical for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy sustainability. Results from simulations on the IEEE 33-bus distribution system demonstrate significant improvements, including a 171% increase in the reliable efficiency index (REI), a 38% rise in profitability, and a reduction in carbon emissions and fuel costs. These findings highlight the economic and environmental viability of the proposed approach.