Amani Alghamdi, Syed Danish Hussain, Kaiser Wani, Shaun Sabico, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Osama Emam Amer, Nasser M. Al-Daghri
{"title":"在接种mrna疫苗的年轻人中循环细胞因子谱的改变：一项为期一年的随访研究","authors":"Amani Alghamdi, Syed Danish Hussain, Kaiser Wani, Shaun Sabico, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Osama Emam Amer, Nasser M. Al-Daghri","doi":"10.1002/iid3.70194","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Objectives</h3>\n \n <p>This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on cytokine profile.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>A total of 84 Saudi subjects (57.1% females) with mean age of 27.2 ± 12.3 participated in this longitudinal study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after final vaccination, with an average follow-up duration of 14.1 ± 3.6 months for adolescents and 13.3 ± 3.0 months for adults, calculated from the first dose of vaccination. Assessment of cytokine profiles was done using commercially available assays.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>After follow-up, a significant increase in weight and body mass index was observed overall (<i>p</i> = 0.003 and <i>p</i> = 0.002, respectively). Postvaccination, significant increases were observed in several cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFNγ) (<i>p</i> = 0.005), interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL4 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.003), IL7 (<i>p</i> = 0.001), IL17E (<i>p</i> < 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) (<i>p</i> = 0.03), MCP3 (<i>p</i> = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and VEGFA (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A significant reduction was observed only in macrophage colony-stimulating factor (<i>p</i> < 0.001). When adjusted for age, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL4, IL6, MCP3, TNFα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) remained statistically significant. Gender-based analysis revealed that men experienced greater increases in IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.008), IL4 (<i>p</i> = 0.04), and TNFα (<i>p</i> = 0.015) compared to women. Age-based analysis showed that older participants had more pronounced increases in EGF (<i>p</i> = 0.011), IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.029), MCP1 (<i>p</i> = 0.042), and TNFα (<i>p</i> = 0.017), while younger participants had a greater increase in VEGFA (<i>p</i> = 0.025).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>The findings of this study indicated that COVID-19 vaccination resulted in an increase in cytokine levels, which signifies the persistence of the humoral immune response to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. This effect may be attributed to the persistent production of spike protein and highly inflammatory nature of mRNA–lipid nanoparticle. Additionally, the results suggested differences in cytokine levels based on gender and age. Notably, the cytokine profile remains favorably altered in young adults who received mRNA vaccinations, even after 1 year.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70194","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Altered Circulating Cytokine Profile Among mRNA-Vaccinated Young Adults: A Year-Long Follow-Up Study\",\"authors\":\"Amani Alghamdi, Syed Danish Hussain, Kaiser Wani, Shaun Sabico, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Osama Emam Amer, Nasser M. Al-Daghri\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/iid3.70194\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Objectives</h3>\\n \\n <p>This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on cytokine profile.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>A total of 84 Saudi subjects (57.1% females) with mean age of 27.2 ± 12.3 participated in this longitudinal study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after final vaccination, with an average follow-up duration of 14.1 ± 3.6 months for adolescents and 13.3 ± 3.0 months for adults, calculated from the first dose of vaccination. Assessment of cytokine profiles was done using commercially available assays.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>After follow-up, a significant increase in weight and body mass index was observed overall (<i>p</i> = 0.003 and <i>p</i> = 0.002, respectively). Postvaccination, significant increases were observed in several cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFNγ) (<i>p</i> = 0.005), interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL4 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.003), IL7 (<i>p</i> = 0.001), IL17E (<i>p</i> < 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) (<i>p</i> = 0.03), MCP3 (<i>p</i> = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and VEGFA (<i>p</i> < 0.001). A significant reduction was observed only in macrophage colony-stimulating factor (<i>p</i> < 0.001). When adjusted for age, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL4, IL6, MCP3, TNFα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) remained statistically significant. Gender-based analysis revealed that men experienced greater increases in IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.008), IL4 (<i>p</i> = 0.04), and TNFα (<i>p</i> = 0.015) compared to women. Age-based analysis showed that older participants had more pronounced increases in EGF (<i>p</i> = 0.011), IL6 (<i>p</i> = 0.029), MCP1 (<i>p</i> = 0.042), and TNFα (<i>p</i> = 0.017), while younger participants had a greater increase in VEGFA (<i>p</i> = 0.025).</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\\n \\n <p>The findings of this study indicated that COVID-19 vaccination resulted in an increase in cytokine levels, which signifies the persistence of the humoral immune response to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. This effect may be attributed to the persistent production of spike protein and highly inflammatory nature of mRNA–lipid nanoparticle. Additionally, the results suggested differences in cytokine levels based on gender and age. Notably, the cytokine profile remains favorably altered in young adults who received mRNA vaccinations, even after 1 year.</p>\\n </section>\\n </div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":13289,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease\",\"volume\":\"13 4\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-09\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70194\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.70194\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"IMMUNOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iid3.70194","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Altered Circulating Cytokine Profile Among mRNA-Vaccinated Young Adults: A Year-Long Follow-Up Study
Objectives
This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on cytokine profile.
Methods
A total of 84 Saudi subjects (57.1% females) with mean age of 27.2 ± 12.3 participated in this longitudinal study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after final vaccination, with an average follow-up duration of 14.1 ± 3.6 months for adolescents and 13.3 ± 3.0 months for adults, calculated from the first dose of vaccination. Assessment of cytokine profiles was done using commercially available assays.
Results
After follow-up, a significant increase in weight and body mass index was observed overall (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002, respectively). Postvaccination, significant increases were observed in several cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (p < 0.001), interferon gamma (IFNγ) (p = 0.005), interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) (p < 0.001), IL4 (p < 0.001), IL6 (p = 0.003), IL7 (p = 0.001), IL17E (p < 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) (p = 0.03), MCP3 (p = 0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) (p < 0.001), and VEGFA (p < 0.001). A significant reduction was observed only in macrophage colony-stimulating factor (p < 0.001). When adjusted for age, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL4, IL6, MCP3, TNFα, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) remained statistically significant. Gender-based analysis revealed that men experienced greater increases in IL6 (p = 0.008), IL4 (p = 0.04), and TNFα (p = 0.015) compared to women. Age-based analysis showed that older participants had more pronounced increases in EGF (p = 0.011), IL6 (p = 0.029), MCP1 (p = 0.042), and TNFα (p = 0.017), while younger participants had a greater increase in VEGFA (p = 0.025).
Conclusions
The findings of this study indicated that COVID-19 vaccination resulted in an increase in cytokine levels, which signifies the persistence of the humoral immune response to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. This effect may be attributed to the persistent production of spike protein and highly inflammatory nature of mRNA–lipid nanoparticle. Additionally, the results suggested differences in cytokine levels based on gender and age. Notably, the cytokine profile remains favorably altered in young adults who received mRNA vaccinations, even after 1 year.
期刊介绍：
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease is a peer-reviewed, open access, interdisciplinary journal providing rapid publication of research across the broad field of immunology. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease gives rapid consideration to papers in all areas of clinical and basic research. The journal is indexed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (part of Web of Science), among others. It welcomes original work that enhances the understanding of immunology in areas including:
• cellular and molecular immunology
• clinical immunology
• allergy
• immunochemistry
• immunogenetics
• immune signalling
• immune development
• imaging
• mathematical modelling
• autoimmunity
• transplantation immunology
• cancer immunology
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