Strategic use of nanomaterials as double-edged therapeutics to control carcinogenesis via regulation of dysbiosis and bacterial infection: current status and future prospects

The human microbiome plays a crucial role in modulating health and disease susceptibility through a complex network of interactions with the host. When the delicate balance of this microbial ecosystem is disrupted, it often correlates with the onset of systemic diseases. An over-abundance of pathogenic microorganisms within the microbiome has been implicated as a driving factor in the development of disease conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and chronic infections. It has been observed that microbiome dysbiosis perturbs metabolic, inflammatory, and immunological pathways, potentially facilitating carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the metabolites associated with microbial dysbiosis exert multifaceted effects, including metabolic interference, host DNA damage, and tumor promotion, further underscoring the microbiome's significance in several of the cancers. This new exploration of microbiome involvement in carcinogenesis needs additional patient sample analysis, which could provide new insights into cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, treating these diseases using drugs, traditional methods, etc. has resulted in multi-drug resistance, and this has eventually made the situation worrisome. This review highlights the importance of nanotechnology, which may tackle these pathogenic conditions simultaneously by targeting common receptors present in bacteria and cancer. Herein, we have explained how nanotechnology may come to the forefront for these treatments. It explores the potential of non-antibiotic disinfectants, i.e., nanoparticles (NPs) with dual targeting capabilities against microbes and cancer cells, using mechanisms such as ROS generation and DNA damage while minimizing the chances of drug resistance.