A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management Strategies for Fuel-Cell-Based Electric Vehicles

The rapid growth of the transportation sector in the past few decades has contributed significantly to global warming issues, leading to extensive research on vehicles having nearly zero or total zero tailpipe carbon emissions. The automobiles within this classification belong to hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEVs, battery–electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel-cell (FC) EVs (FCEVs), and FC HEVs. FCHEVs are powered by a combination of FC systems, rechargeable batteries, ultracapacitors, and/or mechanical flywheels. FC technology appears to hold potential in terms of extended driving distances and quicker refueling times for vehicles that emit no exhaust fumes. A significant number of research studies have examined various types of energy-storage devices as vehicle power supply, their interfacing with the drive mechanism using power converters and their energy management strategies (EMS). In this article, various EMS  for FC-based EVs are discussed. Classifications of FCEVs, BEVs, and EMSs for FCHEVs are developed by various researchers. In this review report, it is indicated that the existing EMS are capable of performing well, yet further research is required for better reliability and intelligence toward achieving greater fuel efficiency and lifetime of upcoming FCHEVs.