Health outcomes attributed to inhalation of microplastic released from mask during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

This review aimed to investigate recent studies on microplastics (MPs) and their analytical methods, health effects attributed to inhaling MPs released from face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The global electronic databases: Scopus and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals without time limitation. The information regarding the effects of various parameters such as MPs' shape, color, size, analytical methods, and related health effects of inhaled MPs from masks were specifically extracted from selected articles and disussed. Out of 148 potential articles, 36 studies met the objectives and inclusion criteria considered for the present study. The MPs particles made of polypropylene (44 %), fiber (45 %), transparent (23 %), and ˂300 µm released from masks had the highest abundance. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant increase in mask usage, resulting in the release of MPs from these masks, which poses potential health risks. Based on the results, MP particles significantly impact human health by inducing oxidative stress, which can lead to various side effects. Additionally, MPs trigger inflammatory responses in lung cells, resulting in the release of interleukins and heightened phagocyte activity. These particles also alter cell morphology, affecting DNA and mRNA, and disrupt normal cellular functions. Policies needed for sustainable personal protective equipment and MP risk assessment for public health. The findings emphasize the urgent need for standardized methods to assess the health implications of MPs emitted from masks and suggest that reducing plastic uses in personal protective equipment could mitigate exposure risks.