Progress of synergistic oxygen electrocatalysis between single atoms and nanoparticles/clusters

The development of highly active catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis is crucial for many sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Coupling single-atom catalysts (SACs) and nanoparticles/clusters has proven to be particularly effective for enhancing the performance of oxygen electrocatalysts. By integrating SACs with nanoparticles/clusters in a single catalyst, researchers have forged a new pathway to further improve the efficiency of oxygen electrocatalysis. Recent studies have highlighted the synergistic effects between single atoms and nanoparticles/clusters in optimizing the performance of these reactions. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in oxygen electrocatalysis driven by the combination of single atoms and nanoparticles/cluster, emphasizing the fundamental concepts of single atomic site catalysts and their synergistic components. Additionally, we discuss various SACs paired with nanoparticles/clusters and their applications in oxygen electrocatalysis. Furthermore, this review addresses the challenges and future directions within this exciting field, aiming to promote the development of more efficient and sustainable oxygen electrocatalysts for energy-related applications.