What Causes the Hemispheric Difference in the Asymmetry of the Temperature Annual Cycle?

Previous studies have noted the asymmetry in the annual cycle of zonal mean surface air temperature, defined as the difference in the lengths of warming and cooling periods. Pronounced north-south hemispheric differences in this asymmetry, by up to 40 days, were attributed to the eccentricity of Earth's orbit. However, we propose that the dominant factor comes from the difference in the land-sea fraction between hemispheres, because the asymmetry is strongly influenced by the annually varying heat capacity and land-sea interactions. The oceanic temperature annual cycle generally features a longer cooling period than warming due to the seasonal variation in ocean mixed layer depth, and exhibits the opposite situation when there is seasonal sea ice. Land-sea interactions impact the zonal mean temperature annual cycle by resulting in an earlier winter trough of the downstream oceanic temperature and delaying the summer peak in west coasts.