Automation and high throughput sample analysis with various platforms in microextraction techniques: A need for ecofriendly, green, and cost-effective sample preparation approaches – A review

Popularization of green analytical chemistry (GAC) encouraged miniaturization of sample preparation scale – with preference to microextraction scale methods and automation by platforms to achieve high throughput, reduce energy costs, minimize hazardous chemical disposal, and shorten extraction time. It improves the sample throughput, extraction efficiency, sensitivity, reproducibility, and greenness of the developed method. To achieve these objectives, automatic platforms for high-throughput liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and solid-phase extraction/microextraction (SPE/SPME) were developed. Among the reported platforms, the 96-well plate, pipette tip, lab-in-syringe (LIS), and microfluidic devices receive significant attention. This review describes the advantages of each platform with respect to green chemistry principles. In addition, the challenges associated with each platform are critically evaluated. Moreover, the review highlights how the use of these platforms can minimize waste disposal, energy consumption, and reduce the hazardous effects. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of the above mentioned platforms in terms of green microextraction techniques has been discussed.