Unlocking the biodiesel potential of Mucorales fungi: Emerging trends in sustainable biofuel production

The transition to a low-carbon economy necessitates sustainable energy solutions, with biofuels emerging as a key alternative. Microbial oils, particularly produced from fungi, offer promising substitutes for plant and animal-derived lipids. Fungi, especially those from the Mucorales order, are notable for their efficient lipid production in agricultural waste substrates. Species such as Mucor and Rhizopus can accumulate over 20 wt% of lipids in their dry cell, making them valuable for biodiesel production. These fungi are easier to cultivate than some unicellular organisms and can metabolize a wide range of carbon sources, even under inhibitory conditions, thus enhancing their viability for industrial applications. However, challenges such as substrate recalcitrance, strain variability, and economic viability must be addressed. Advances in genetic engineering and bioprocess optimization are crucial for overcoming these barriers. Techniques like CRISPR and synthetic biology are being employed to enhance lipid accumulation and resistance to adverse conditions. Technological innovations in bioreactor design and transesterification processes are also improving production efficiency. Integrating Mucorales fungi into biofuel production reduces dependence on fossil fuels and promotes the use of agricultural residues, contributing to a circular economy. Further research and collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers are essential to fully leverage the potential of these fungi, paving the way for sustainable biodiesel production and a greener energy future. Unlike previous studies, this review synthesizes recent advancements in genetic engineering, strain optimization, and the use of low-cost, lignocellulosic substrates, providing new insights into how mucoralean fungi as oleaginous can support a sustainable bioeconomy.