Brian C. Weeks, Christina Harvey, Joseph A. Tobias, Catherine Sheard, Zhizhuo Zhou, David F. Fouhey
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We test whether occurrence in warmer climates is associated with longer wing bones.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Location</h3>\n \n <p>Global.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Time Period</h3>\n \n <p>Current.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\n \n <p>Aves: Passeriformes.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>Using computer vision, we measure wing-bone length from photographs of museum skeletal specimens for 1520 species of passerine birds. We then model the relationship between wing-bone length and temperature, accounting for allometry, the demands of flight efficiency and manoeuvrability, and a range of ecological and environmental variables.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Wing bones are longer in warmer climates. Our models, largely as a result of allometric effects, explain nearly all the variation in wing-bone length in our data, with a marginal <i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> = 0.80 and a conditional <i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> > 0.99.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Across 1520 species of birds, higher temperatures are associated with longer wing bones, as predicted by Allen's Rule. The vascularised musculature along these bones is maximally uncovered when birds actively hold their wings away from their bodies to aid in cooling or during flight. Conversely, the musculature along the wing bones is insulated by feathering when at rest, such that wings play a minor role in heat exchange when individuals are less active and may need to retain heat. While our analyses do not directly establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pattern we recover, given the asymmetry in the role of wings in thermoregulation, we interpret the positive relationship between temperature and wing-bone length to reflect increased demand for heat dissipation in warmer climates. Our findings highlight the role of thermoregulation in shaping even the most critical features of vertebrate anatomy.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":176,"journal":{"name":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","volume":"34 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.70033","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Longer Wing Bones in Warmer Climates Suggest a Role of Thermoregulation in Bird Wing Evolution\",\"authors\":\"Brian C. Weeks, Christina Harvey, Joseph A. Tobias, Catherine Sheard, Zhizhuo Zhou, David F. Fouhey\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/geb.70033\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Aim</h3>\\n \\n <p>The tendency for animals in warmer climates to be longer-limbed (Allen's Rule) is widely attributed to the demands of thermoregulation. The role of thermoregulation in structuring bird wings, however, has been overshadowed by the selective demands placed on wings by flight. We test whether occurrence in warmer climates is associated with longer wing bones.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Location</h3>\\n \\n <p>Global.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Time Period</h3>\\n \\n <p>Current.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3>\\n \\n <p>Aves: Passeriformes.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>Using computer vision, we measure wing-bone length from photographs of museum skeletal specimens for 1520 species of passerine birds. We then model the relationship between wing-bone length and temperature, accounting for allometry, the demands of flight efficiency and manoeuvrability, and a range of ecological and environmental variables.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>Wing bones are longer in warmer climates. Our models, largely as a result of allometric effects, explain nearly all the variation in wing-bone length in our data, with a marginal <i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> = 0.80 and a conditional <i>R</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> > 0.99.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\\n \\n <p>Across 1520 species of birds, higher temperatures are associated with longer wing bones, as predicted by Allen's Rule. The vascularised musculature along these bones is maximally uncovered when birds actively hold their wings away from their bodies to aid in cooling or during flight. Conversely, the musculature along the wing bones is insulated by feathering when at rest, such that wings play a minor role in heat exchange when individuals are less active and may need to retain heat. While our analyses do not directly establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pattern we recover, given the asymmetry in the role of wings in thermoregulation, we interpret the positive relationship between temperature and wing-bone length to reflect increased demand for heat dissipation in warmer climates. Our findings highlight the role of thermoregulation in shaping even the most critical features of vertebrate anatomy.</p>\\n </section>\\n </div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":176,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Global Ecology and Biogeography\",\"volume\":\"34 4\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":6.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/geb.70033\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Global Ecology and Biogeography\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.70033\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ECOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Global Ecology and Biogeography","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.70033","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ECOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Longer Wing Bones in Warmer Climates Suggest a Role of Thermoregulation in Bird Wing Evolution
Aim
The tendency for animals in warmer climates to be longer-limbed (Allen's Rule) is widely attributed to the demands of thermoregulation. The role of thermoregulation in structuring bird wings, however, has been overshadowed by the selective demands placed on wings by flight. We test whether occurrence in warmer climates is associated with longer wing bones.
Location
Global.
Time Period
Current.
Major Taxa Studied
Aves: Passeriformes.
Methods
Using computer vision, we measure wing-bone length from photographs of museum skeletal specimens for 1520 species of passerine birds. We then model the relationship between wing-bone length and temperature, accounting for allometry, the demands of flight efficiency and manoeuvrability, and a range of ecological and environmental variables.
Results
Wing bones are longer in warmer climates. Our models, largely as a result of allometric effects, explain nearly all the variation in wing-bone length in our data, with a marginal R2 = 0.80 and a conditional R2 > 0.99.
Main Conclusions
Across 1520 species of birds, higher temperatures are associated with longer wing bones, as predicted by Allen's Rule. The vascularised musculature along these bones is maximally uncovered when birds actively hold their wings away from their bodies to aid in cooling or during flight. Conversely, the musculature along the wing bones is insulated by feathering when at rest, such that wings play a minor role in heat exchange when individuals are less active and may need to retain heat. While our analyses do not directly establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pattern we recover, given the asymmetry in the role of wings in thermoregulation, we interpret the positive relationship between temperature and wing-bone length to reflect increased demand for heat dissipation in warmer climates. Our findings highlight the role of thermoregulation in shaping even the most critical features of vertebrate anatomy.
期刊介绍：
Global Ecology and Biogeography (GEB) welcomes papers that investigate broad-scale (in space, time and/or taxonomy), general patterns in the organization of ecological systems and assemblages, and the processes that underlie them. In particular, GEB welcomes studies that use macroecological methods, comparative analyses, meta-analyses, reviews, spatial analyses and modelling to arrive at general, conceptual conclusions. Studies in GEB need not be global in spatial extent, but the conclusions and implications of the study must be relevant to ecologists and biogeographers globally, rather than being limited to local areas, or specific taxa. Similarly, GEB is not limited to spatial studies; we are equally interested in the general patterns of nature through time, among taxa (e.g., body sizes, dispersal abilities), through the course of evolution, etc. Further, GEB welcomes papers that investigate general impacts of human activities on ecological systems in accordance with the above criteria.
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